HIGHWAY 21 – THE RETURN TO THE 19TH HIGHWAY
The British Restoration: Charles II as King of England
A quick review for us is in order now.
Charles II was exiled when dad, the King of England, Charles I, was killed by the leaders of Parliament in 1649. He had been kept in France during this glorious Revolution. He lived and experienced the court of the Sun King, Louis XIV, who was a cousin of Charles. In the court of Louis XIV, at Versailles, Charles learnt of the pleasures of life in a very pop culture kind of way. Louis, the King, ran a court very much like the world we live in today. The court of the Sun King was full of contemporary artists. He had his poets, philosophers, jesters, clothing designers and women — Louis collected them. Clothing was required to be worn in this court and fashion became the god of the now, the new show in town. This was the show of then and there in the Royal Court of Louis XIV.
Charles was the first King of England in years to live outside England. While living outside his homeland he learnt about the French culture firsthand. France was a happening place with new ideas and people ready to try them out. The culture of France was for a life. A life where ideas and ownership of personal property was more important than just Real Property called land and agriculture. Prayers and the way to pray to Sky God would also come to control the lives of masses.
Charles on his return to England brought these pop culture ideas home and as he became King, he was the first English King to encourage and practice the art of looking correct for the part and position you have in life. A new mantra was to dress for the role you so wish to be considered by fellow man — you are what you wear.
Charles upon his return was also now in charge of the huge Huguenot English immigration. The Huguenots were the French Protestants who were exiled from France during the Thirty Years’ War on the continent. To have absolute control as Louis wished in his regime everyone must have one King, one God and the others who disagreed must go. This is really why the Jews were always the first ones out of an area when a new order came in to take control. The Jews were stubborn and would not submit to any thought that required giving allegiance to another Sky God. Banks and living Gods okay, but Sky God, no thank you.
The Huguenots not only brought in the knowledge of the popular French styles but also the expertise in producing the styles. The Huguenots moved into the areas today the Londoners call Soho and Spitalfields of London. They began to manufacture boots and shoes, clocks and of course guns. They created wigs and tailored clothes with the latest European styles to be worn by the Sadducee rulers of the British lands. The King would of course lead the way. He did this by adopting eastern clothing for men and creating the suit that all white-collar mercantile members of British society would wear, so the onlookers would know that the man wearing this suit uniform came from money.
For women, the Huguenot created perfumes and made the make-up that before then only whores wore. These practices of fashion were now acceptable for the good women of the well-dressed and important court-approved Sadducee man. In fact, men too wore wigs, make-up and perfume in those days.
Then there was cuisine. The Huguenots came with the new cuisine. They taught the rural British, as Britain then was considered by the French Parisian as rural, how to cook food and make a special occasion. The French gave the European world the art of living and eating. No longer were meals consumption only.
Charles’s Kingdom was different than the world of Cromwell and the world that the Protestants wished to live in. This Kingdom of Charles was a world that was starting to like the idea that every day can really be a new day. We can eat and wear different things each season or even each day of a year. No longer is life needed to be the same. This is the commercial world and this is the world that Parliament and the King wished to create and perpetuate for their coming ruling order. The merchant land and the trading Englishman, these were the new themes of British rules and order.
The coming English Empire of Sadducee was built on wealth and trade run by bankers and their puppets. To pull this off they needed Bank, and bank as run by the Dutch and their banking class was to come to England. For until this move, Charles’ desires were to run afoul in finance. Commerce was the driving force to the acceleration of desire for fashion. Soon the rules would change to give England that finance like no other nation ever had.
Theatre and dance returned to England. The Cromwell years saw these forms of entertainment and drink banned because they were outside the acceptable practices of the English Protestants called Puritans. Charles created an environment of restoration, as this was what his reign was partially known for. He granted theatre licenses and did so with the additional provision that women were now allowed to act in the theatre. This was a first, as previously men played the roles of women. Charles really wished to be considered a renaissance man.
The life and times of the rulers of the new restored order was all about show and control. Marriages were made for order & rule, not for love. Charles followed the desire for political union by taking as his wife Catherine of Braganza (Catholic), the daughter of the restored Queen Luisa of Portugal, which the nation had just won their independence back from the Spanish.
This move solidified the freedom of Portugal from Spain. This move also would cause the next crisis in the English land as Charles married a Catholic and they together had no children. The Anglican Church recognized the births of those children born to the King in an official marriage, but his offspring were all born out of wedlock. Those to whom he acknowledged were his offspring were by law of Church and Parliament not allowed to inherit the throne of England. This marriage move also guaranteed the English a mid-Atlantic port of call for their warrior fleets against both the Spanish to the south and the Dutch returning home for their trade in the East. This was the big trade of the day. The eastern trade which is the one the Europeans have with India, Africa and now once again China.
The return of the Chinese to Euro man through trade and their desire to exchange their art for possessions not found in their land opened up the trade desires of many an English merchant mind. People pay for what others do not have. Exclusivity is the thing. China was exclusive. The other territories did not have Chinese art. So, trade needs financing and so banks were created to pay for the creation, the distribution and the selling of the art. Art is the one unique form of Man as we have said. It is how we share the thoughts in our heads and emotions of our heart that are not capable of being reduced to words.
The Ming rulers of the Chinese order who after 1434 went into seclusion and stopped traveling to their west had fallen in or about 1644. The new rulers, the Manchurians, were open to trade with the west and the Dutch were the first in on this game. The English wished to enter. This was the exclusive world for the real leaders, those in control of society. What no one else could have, for no bankers existed that could pay to have this exclusive art copied and reproduced yet.
The Dutch were the traders of the world then, but they were vulnerable. The country was split into two divisions, North and Protestant, South and Catholic. There was no royal blood in their monarchy. The Roman Catholic Church did not grant to any man their kingdom from their ruling Sky God. At best the Dutch could be a constitutional kingdom but never an absolute kingdom. The king did not create Parliament, Parliament would have to create the king.
The government would have to give the rulers power. So there was a contest as to who and how these new states called the Netherlands should be ruled. The truth is the rule of the Dutch was trade and everything else did not really matter. If they could trade they were very happy. They had religious tolerance. They had a thriving financial community of men, including Jews who could not live where the Catholic Church had its rules for Christ.
The Church was able to not practice what it preached about interest until the Reformation started and they needed to live by their own rules, as the city-states of northern Italy were once the prime moneymen of Europe. So all these bankers moved to where they could live and trade in peace and with a nation who would allow the building of a true Sadducee rule and control. The professions of this world were the following three orders of business: the merchant, the banker and the retail outlet. And soon would come a fourth order of business, the leisure market.
The English wished to own if possible or at least control the booming world trade. The Dutch just wished to trade and it is they who came up with the concept of Mare Liberum. This meant waters outside national jurisdiction. The term implies that the waters offshore of a nation are international waters, waters that are free for all to come and go. No Kings or Sky Gods were in control of the oceans. A planet was under this line of reasoning — a world with open sea-lanes. The English did not like this concept. They wished to rule the trade and to do so they would need to control the seas. They were about absolute ownership or absolute control as that is what their kings were about. All about owning and not sharing.
Since the beginning of Man, to fight a war you need soldiers, be they army, navy or marines. So how does this army survive both on the road and have their family survive at home? The killing force needs money or currency. They need the flow to survive. Who can raise more money and pay the weapons and the transport as well as supplies, which included food and clothes to and from the battle, is usually the winner.
England at this time in the 1670s was mostly rural. The only cash to fight the war was in the cities and the major city of the English, London, just had a fire that destroyed the city. The Dutch were an urban nation and had plenty of people who could finance war. The English government at this point in time, 1670, was not paying its navy and was giving the fighters debt certificates. Therefore only fighting and stealing from the Dutch fleets would England then be able to pay the English Navy killing force.
The British ended up in three wars with the Dutch during Charles the Second’s rule. They fought to see who and what rule would control the coastal areas surrounding these two seafaring nations.
Prince James & His Imperial Business Empires
Charles’s brother James was a Catholic-believing man. This prince was a true Sadducee. He had his own trading company called the Royal African Company. This company was slave traders. They needed control of North America to gain more customers to sell the endless supply of African slaves to. To get customers, James, who was the Duke of York, wanted the possessions of the Dutch West India Company. This was the North American division of the Dutch trading empire. James helped instigate the second of three wars with the Dutch. In this war the English won and then lost New Amsterdam.
It was at this point when under the initial control of the English that the city of my birth and the major Sadducee center of the US got its name in honor of the Duke of York, Prince James. The big city became New York and the region was also New York. James then in charge of foreign settlements gave a charter to William Penn who made his land grant Pennsylvania. It is funny how no one ever asked those who were living on the land if they agreed to this new ownership, it was just assumed by the English that this was the English government’s to grant.
James is also not given enough credit for being one of the founders of the concept of the colonies joining together as one; a union that would protect and encourage the health, welfare & safety of their citizens. This was what the North American colonies were granted the right then to do. This instigated the function of a social order of government, and a union that existed to help the people not own its people.
The English ended up losing this second war against the Dutch. The loss happened in England not in the North America colonies. The Dutch sailed into the Thames, a scene now known as the Raid on the Medway.
This was the greatest naval disaster in English history. The navy was laid up, as there are no funds to move the British ships with sailors. The ships were at dock and the Dutch sailed in and destroyed the entire laid-up fleet of the English. The biggest English ship, HMS Royal Charles, was abandoned by its crew and towed back to the Netherlands as a trophy of the war so the people of the Dutch land would know that their rulers had beaten back the opposing rulers of the English.
Man & the Disease of War: A Personal Story
This trophy ship story of the Dutch reminds me of a memorial in Kyoto, Japan that is a conical mound called Ear Hill. I was made aware of this memorial. Not willingly I must add. It was a secret that those who I was working with did not wish my wandering mind to see and uncover.
This memorial is where the Japanese celebrated the slaughter of the 38,000 Koreans whose noses and ears are what the hill is made of back in the 1590s. These ears and noses were brought back to Japan pickled and made to become a hill to show how hard the winning Japanese fought and actually persevered in beating the Koreans so the Japanese Emperor could try to rule the world.
This story was actually written in letter form by the Japanese hero called Hideyoshi at the end of the 16th Century. This is the same ruling peaceful race who wished to have no outsiders on their lands until 1853 when with US diplomacy opened up this island to our trade with pride, calling it in my history classes: Gunboat diplomacy — trade or die.
Euro man was not alone in slaughtering his neighbors. This is a human disease that must be controlled by us all. People are really the same everywhere. We still really believe that it is OK to kill others so we can gain the control and enforce our order & rule on the other losing side.
Someone one day will show us that this savage animal instinct we all have has to be put to a curb and left there forever and ever more. We need to lose the fear and the ignorance that allows us to do this killing and then believe it is OK because God is on our side. We submit our Consciousness to this illusion as we believe we will go to the god’s alleged heaven, to heaven? Please, listen to our logic as an outsider and yes, get disgusted with us as a race. We make the heaven we are presently in a living hell.
Charles II & the Dutch
But sometimes we realize that our enemies are the same as us. The English and the Dutch figured the lesson out then and there. They settled and shared and created a lasting peace. They wanted to be traders together and so they divided up the spoils of their colonial ambitions. The loss made the English agree to a quick deal and this deal allowed the English to keep possession of New Amsterdam, now known as New York. The Dutch got to keep control of Paula Run and the valuable sugar plantations of Suriname. This peace was how the Dutch got Indonesia and their foothold into the northern regions of South America. This peace was how the British got her colonies on the western seaboard of the Atlantic.
At the time this deal was made, North America really had no cities and it was an outpost for fur traders. So the British were perceived as the losers of this war, for the Dutch got the plantations of the south and equator regions. Trade then was not yet part of the materials of the coming industrial revolution. Trade was for what you brought back. The materials were not yet converted to another use. The Dutch considered this a huge victory. It is funny how time changes situations.
King Charles II also is the one who created the two big trading corporations of the British coming Bankster rule. He created the British East India Company. This venture actually authorized the company, not men but company, to make territorial acquisitions on its own, print money, command fortresses and troops, form alliances, make war and negotiate peace, as well as exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired stolen lands and people of India. This was not done for England but for the East India Company. This was the first Bankster Global Corporation.
Not to be outdone, Charles also authorized a royal charter to begin the Hudson Bay Company. Now that the Netherlands lands were out of North America and Sweden had also left, it was just the French and British who would fight to own & control the possessions of commerce and the people who lived in these lands. This charter was how the land grab was financed and how the people moved in and settled the English-claimed possessions we call Canada today. For the Hudson Bay Company took in investors and with those funds went about killing and stealing and developing the lands of internal North America all in the name of trade with and sometimes without Sky God by their side.
Charles also granted charters to the Puritans to encourage them to leave the English lands to live on the North American continent and create their own religious order, but remember, they will pay England our tax and our piece of their community profits. This was the group that helped kill King Charles the First. This is the group that sided and fought for Cromwell, the Protectorate. This was the group that now had to leave England. It is these religious fanatics who created the colonies with the lie that there was freedom of speech and religion.
Yes, you were free from the Anglican Church and its pomp & circumstances. But now if you left on these ships of Puritan divisions you were forced to live in the colonies where parties and fun were for the devil. You worshiped in gray air, without light or dark, they wanted you to just do what they needed and then your reward would be elsewhere for all the hard work you put into the community. That is the truth of what our Puritan settlers were and still are. Good Christian soldiers as they say. They are not good Christian people living with others in harmony; no, they were soldiers waiting for the coming religious wars. This was a really insane thought process.
Charles II’s Need of Funding
The English and their King Charles were broke. They needed cash to run the government as well as money for Charles himself to live his lifestyle. His cousin, Louis XIV of France, had plenty of money and he was able to loan Charles money. Louis put Charles, the English King, on a pension. Nothing is ever for nothing and this loan to the King of England by the King of France, as well as the pension, was in exchange for two things: 1) to get Charles to support Louis’ play to take possession of the region what we now know as Belgium, which as I stated earlier was part of the Netherlands. But it was the southern part of the Netherlands and it was the Catholic region. This play got exposed and scandal happened. 2) The second exchange was that Charles reconverted to Catholicism. This was where the old flames of the just recent ending of the English civil wars were aroused. The deal was exposed and made public.
The English problem was not the bribe but really the Catholic issue, which they believed was finished and long gone. Charles has no legitimate children in the eyes of Sky God churches. The problem was what should those in control of England do? Those in control were the real ruling Sadducee landowners of England called the Lords who I must remind you had and still have their own branch of government in the Parliament of Great Britain.
In their Parliamentary duties they had to control the order of the land by controlling the succeeding order of who was the next in line for the throne. James was the legal heir and was Catholic and fear was sparked, so finally a deal was done and James could become King of England if he honored the English position at the top of the English Sky God hierarchy. The Anglican Church was the Church of England.
This Anglican Church controlled the everyday morals and rules of conduct expected to be adhered to by a good god-fearing citizen. The spokesmen of the rule in Church, the clergy, preached and the law for order required the poor to adhere to or else. There was a law on the English books where everyone had to go to this Anglican Church on Sunday. They had to go, or else. This church confirmed the order & rule of the land.
King James II of England
King Charles II died and James came in to take his place. James took his reign as a Catholic King in an Anglican Church land. He was heavily influenced by the absolute theory of the monarchs, which meant he was the boss and Parliament had to report to him and act for him. He has no time to pussyfoot around with Parliament. He was to be boss and the goal as King was to take over the world trade business and make his Kingdom the richest in the world.
This may have worked in theory until he had the misfortune of having a legitimate heir, a male heir. He was married to a Catholic and he just had a boy with his Catholic Queen. Until this moment the Crown was to go next to his oldest daughter Mary, who was married to William of Orange, a Protestant. Parliament at this point in time was divided into two competing parties. Those parties are the Wigs and the Tories.
The Glorious Revolution
The threat of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the Kingdom was likely and the two political parties united and invited William of Orange to take the throne with James’ daughter Mary. William and Mary, by the way, were first cousins as they had Charles the First as their grandfather. This is the same abuse of the civil law where you could not marry your first cousin in England that Victoria and Albert did 150 years later.
So with the invitation from Parliament in hand the kissing cousins Mary and William came to England to take their throne from Mary’s dad, King James the Second of England. This duo was invited in as King and Queen. James acted as if he was not going anywhere without a fight. James II was a man who was really only about business and wanted to make England a wealthy and happy place to live. He even believed in religious tolerance and issued without Parliament’s consent the Declaration of Indulgence. This would allow for the right to follow your own faith in England, and this was something the members of Parliament wished not to have allowed. They wanted their countrymen to join and live under the rules of the Anglican Church. Why? So there would only be one order from above confirming the elite of the order living here on their Earth.
Why this Church and no other? The members of Parliament needed their Church to perpetuate the lie that the land aristocracy of England was entitled to their lofty position of power in the English caste system. By requiring attendance at their church and having a common prayer book read to the flock every Sunday, the rule would be accepted as order by the lower caste system of England, the poor and the twin peaks required to perpetuate the rule of Parliament would stay in control. What was the twin peaks? These were none other than the King who submits to Parliament’s final authority and the Sky God that watches over the flock in and from the Anglican Church.
But this play to affect the game was not a smooth transition. James was not going to just get up and leave. No, he claimed he was ready for the fight.
William of Orange raised an army of mercenaries from the continent to come to England. He was at the time the English invited him to rule England, the Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overjssel of the Dutch Republic. A Stadholder is Dutch for place keeper. It was this position that was appointed by feudal Lords to represent them in their absence. It grew into a rare type of hereditary head of state in the Crown Dutch Republic. An exception to the rule of thumb on how a family bloodline became rulers of lands and the people who lived on those lands got their powers.
This entrance of William and Mary of Orange was to be the last successful invasion of England. James did not fight there. He escaped to France under the watchful eye of James’s son-in-law, William of Orange. The new King of England let James, the still-living other King of England, leave as William thought James was really leaving for good.
When James set sail and left his Kingdom for France he took the seal of the English Crown and tossed it into the English Channel. He did this as he thought that the seal was needed to transact business of the country on any and all official documents that were written to rule and establish the new order. He really believed he was in control. Silly man, Parliament just made a new seal and said the old one was lost.
The British Creation of a Constitutional Monarchy & the Monarch’s Dual Role of Head of the Anglican Church
Parliament got together and decided how William should be made King and Mary Queen. In the end they were appointed King and Queen as a duo with a rule of succession created whereby if Mary died before William, William could stay on as King but Anne, James’s next living child, would inherit the throne when William died. Parliament really wished to keep the family bloodline. William and Mary agreed to the demands of Parliament. They were now joint King and Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland and William kept his Dutch title as well. This was a great political move to control the North Sea in Europe.
This acceptance by William and Mary of Parliament’s rules for order ends the absolute monarch of England. From now on, if there is no King rule, it is by Parliament discretion. The rule was called a constitutional monarchy, and this is the same rule of order that still exists today with the present Queen of England.
The agreement so reached with the Protestant William and Mary included that the rule of order & control of Sky God would rest with the Anglican Church. There was now to be a limited tolerance of non-Anglican Protestants in the lands but Catholics were barred from social and political status. If you were a Catholic you were barred from sitting and voting in Parliament. There could be no commissions in the army of any nature and the monarch was forbidden to be Catholic or marry a Catholic, which guaranteed a Protestant succession. By the way, these prohibitions were not applied to the Jews. They had social status above a Catholic.
In the US where this train of hate spilled over from England, it was thought that to be a Catholic that was the lowest caste of all white man. The Protestants or WASPs ostracized the Catholics, as they were commonly referred to as a group, not an individual. This highway of thoughts carried over to North America too. The Puritan beliefs of my nation did not allow anyone near Presidential rule who swore allegiance to the Pope. This thought process really started to end only when an Irish Catholic descendant named John F. Kennedy was sworn into the office of the President of the United States Government in 1961.
The overthrowing of James ruled by Parliament is really the creation of Parliamentary democracy that exists in the UK today. There was no absolute power of the King, as I said above, and there was now a bill of rights attached to the law & order of the land, which guaranteed the following to the people embodied in the Parliament. Please note that the people serving in the Parliament, which included the House of Lords, had this so-called bill of rights. There was nothing about any guarantee for or about the people of the land. This is the fiction spread that an English man had a bill of rights. No, you had this Bill of Rights only if you were a Member of Parliament. Remember, the Lords were appointed, not elected.
Those rights were the following: Freedom from Royal interference with the law, freedom from taxation by royal prerogative, freedom to petition the monarch, freedom from a standing army during a time of peace, freedom for Protestants to have arms for their own defense, freedom to elect members of Parliament without interference from the sovereign and freedom of speech and debates in Parliament.
This really changed the way England allowed them to be governed. You now had a ruling class of Sadducee landowners. This allowed the coming era of the Bankers who could now rely on a fellow group of rulers and know that they would be repaid as opposed to the whims of a King to decide whether or not the Banks get repaid.
This Glorious Revolution had a rippling effect in the North American colonies that were not controlled by the Hudson Bay Company. This divorce from James was the end of Dominion of New England. The Crown of England put the lands of the current US North East into a union of rule that made them more accountable with easier enforcement. It is easier to communicate with one ruler of a land than seven of the same lands. Plus, the Banksters would now have seven customers as opposed to one.
But, by separating into units as opposed to one land, England had to beat the revolutionaries in each state in the coming Revolutionary War of the colonies’ independence. Thirteen victories were needed. When they won one state, the British soldiers would leave to fight the next state and guess what? It was the same as Afghanistan today, when the soldiers leave an area they have won control of, the losing side that lives there just comes back in and takes possession of their home. When you fight a war you must understand you need to keep the peace.
The Romans understood this. The English did not have the force to own the peace in the colonies and this is why they signed a peace treaty to allow the colonies in effect have home rule. Remember, under the treaty of 1783, the English and the Crown of George III kept all their property they claimed they owned regardless of what others who lived there before had to say about the claim. To this day, George III’s heir, the Queen of England Elizabeth, of German descent, is the biggest property owner of New York.
This ending of the rule of James also helped end the Catholic regime of Maryland so set up by the Catholic Lord Baltimore and his land grant of rule from the previous monarchy. The Protestants moved in and stopped the rule of the Catholic elite who left a hostile England to have their own religious freedom. Key words “their own,” not religious freedom for all, only their own. This move made the colonies Protestant.
Why did England have to go through the game to pretend that a King and Queen had power? Because the tradition of control to an order of this land was always with a King in front standing hand in hand with the current vision of Sky God since the Norman invasion in 1066. Parliament and the Lords of the land liked this illusion and to this day they keep it going. The King and Queen are nothing more than a breathing Disney attraction. They have no power except they gave the onlookers to come and spend money to enjoy their make-believe kingdom.
James did not just disappear into the wind. He got French backing with money and troops and came across the sea to fight for his Kingdom in Ireland. He wanted to start uprisings and then move it east back into England. It was in Ireland he lost the fight. He thought the peasants would rise and fight with his Catholic highness, but he was wrong, as the English were too strong. William was in control and so were the Dutch. Now the English and the Dutch would team up against the Spanish and the French over control of the seas for the next hundred years.
The Creation of the United Kingdom
Mary the Queen died before William in 1694. She was the first in line for the Throne when Parliament asked the married cousins to come and take the reign of England. However as I said earlier, William got to live out his life term as promised and when he died he was to be succeeded by his sister-in-law, Anne. Anne became the second Queen of England produced by the outlawed Catholic sperm of the deposed James II. I am repeating all this in sarcastic form so all of us, me included, understand that the form is not the rule, we must find the substance, follow the flow, look for the money and that is where the answer is as to why men act the way they do.
This Glorious Revolution as we are taught in school is a lie in reality. It was only glorious for the new creation about to exist. The Bankers. Here is the next play of the game.
Anne was now Queen. She was Queen of Ireland, Scotland and England, but this sounded like a bit of a tongueful. So Parliament decided it was better business if they combined all three domains into one great-sounding name and they created the concept of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. This Union is the Scottish, the Welsh and the English; soon it would also include Northern Ireland. But for now, the Irish were to be so ruled and owned by this great United Kingdom. The use of the word United allows others who deal with you in war or peace to understand that they are now dealing with a true united force — a true Sadducee merchant warrior force.
Anne too died without an heir and her German second cousin succeeded her in 1714. She was the end of the Stuart ruling line. George the German from Hanover came in and took the reign and it is he who the present ruling class of Windsors come from. The Hanovers can trace their direct ancestors and how they came to constitutionally rule. This was a major embarrassment for the sitting King George V in England during World War I, as he was not only German, he was fighting his cousin the Kaiser William II of Germany. He also was a first cousin with Nicolas, the then-living Czar of Russia. So William changed the family name to Windsor.
To conclude the circle of the Thirty Years’ War in Europe, George I was the next in line through his mother, Elizabeth, whose grandmother was the daughter of James the First and the woman who helped start the Thirty Years’ War when she and her husband, Frederick, then the elector of Palatinate, became the Winter King and Queen of Bohemia in 1619. This is the circle of all life.
This essay is excerpted from Steven Machat’s Highways of Man. Learn more about the book at StevenMachat.com.